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Pre-print

Method & Theory Preprint arXiv

Ye, C., Zhu, L., Zhu, R.

Consistent order determination of markov decision process (2026)

Method & Theory Preprint arXiv

Mohammadi, M., Zheng, Q., Zhu, R.

Vector-Valued distributional reinforcement learning policy evaluation: A hilbert space embedding approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.18952 (2026)

Method & Theory Preprint arXiv

Formentini, S. E., Liang, W., Zhu, R.

Confidence band estimation for random survival forests (2025)

Method & Theory Preprint arXiv

Yu, L., Zhu, L., Zhu, R., Zhu, X.

Corrected kernel principal component analysis for model structural change detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.07827 (2023)

Method & Theory Preprint arXiv

Zhou, W., Li, Y., Zhu, R., Qu, A.

Distributional shift-aware off-policy interval estimation: A unified error quantification framework (2023)

Publications

Collaborative Journal

Watson, G. L., Staples, G., Carver, R., Bhargava, A., López-Espina, C., Schmalz, L., Ali, F., Antkowiak, P. S., Azad, S., Berghea, R., Chawla, L., Crisp, M., Dagan, A., Davila, F., Davila, H., DeMarco, C., Doodlesack, A., Espinosa, A., Evans, N. S., Ezekiel, C., Friederich, A., Gosai, F., Halalau, A., Iyer, K., Kravitz, M. S., Kurtzman, N., Lee, J. H., Maddens, N., Malkani, R., Mayer, S., Oke, V., Palagiri, A. V., Patel, R., Raghavakurup, L., Raouf, S., Reseland, E., Sadaka, F., Sarma, D., Smith, S., Shvilkina, T., Sims, M. D., Singh, S., Stenson, B. A., Syed, A., Tafa, M., Thomas, K., Zhao, S. D., Zhu, R., Bashir, R., Reddy Jr., B., Shapiro, N. I.

Interpretability of an FDA-authorized AI/ML sepsis diagnostic tool improved by SHAP values. JAMIA Open 9(1), ooag020 (2026)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Li, Y., Han, E., Hu, Y., Zhou, W., Qi, Z., Cui, Y., Zhu, R.

Policy learning with continuous actions under unmeasured confounding. Journal of the American Statistical Association Forthcoming (2026)

Collaborative Journal

Meserve, K., Chapman, C. A., Xu, M., Zhou, H., Laniado-Laborin, R., Zhu, R., Escalante, P., Bailey, R. C.

Multiplexed cytokine profiling identifies diagnostic signatures for latent tuberculosis and reactivation risk stratification. PloS one 20(4), e0316648 (2025)

Method & Theory Journal

Walters, K.-A., Blatti, C. A., Zhu, R., Banbury, B., Giurgea, L. T., Bean, R., Han, E., Li, Y., Scherler, K., Sherry, J., Formentini, S., Zhou, W., Cervantes-Medina, A., Gouzoulis, M., Rosas, L. A., Han, A., Gatzke, L., Bushell, C., Sherry, N., Taubenberger, J. K., Memoli, M. J., Kash, J. C.

Nasal and systemic immune responses correlate with viral shedding after influenza challenge in people with complex preexisting immunity. Science Translational Medicine 17(810), eadt1452 (2025)

Method & Theory Journal

Verma, S., Holthaus, T. A., Martell, S., Holscher, H. D., Zhu, R., Khan, N. A.

Predicting cognitive outcome through nutrition and health markers using supervised machine learning. The Journal of Nutrition 155(7), 2144-2153 (2025)

Method & Theory Journal

Pang, D., Zhu, R., Zhao, H., Wang, T.

Probabilistic exponential family inverse regression and its applications. Biometrics 81(2), ujaf065 (2025)

Collaborative Journal

Hagler, M. A., Thalji, N., Russell, N. T., Welge, M. E., Zhu, R., Bushell, C., Miller, J. D.

Unraveling the molecular complexity of myxomatous mitral valve degeneration: integrating transcriptomic and miRNA profiling using random forests with boruta feature selection. Journal of the Heart Valve Society 2(2), 137-153 (2025)

Collaborative Journal

Cao, X., Folta, T. B., Li, H., Zhu, R.

Analyzing the online word of mouth dynamics: A novel approach. Decision Support Systems 114306 (2024)

Collaborative Journal

Maino Vieytes, C. A., Zhu, R., Gany, F., Koester, B. D., Arthur, A. E.

Dietary patterns among US food insecure cancer survivors and the risk of mortality: NHANES 1999 2018. Cancer Causes & Control 1-14 (2024)

Collaborative Journal

Bhargava, A., Lopez-Espina, C., Schmalz, L., Khan, S., Watson, G. L., Urdiales, D., Zhao, S. D., Zhu, R., Bashir, B., Reddy Jr., B., Shapiro, N. I.

FDA-Authorized AI/ML tool for sepsis prediction: development and validation. NEJM AI 1(12), AIoa2400867 (2024)

Collaborative Journal

Shinn, L. M., Mansharamani, A., Baer, D. J., Novotny, J. A., Charron, C. S., Khan, N. A., Zhu, R., Holscher, H. D.

Fecal metagenomics to identify biomarkers of food intake in healthy adults: findings from randomized, controlled, nutrition trials. The Journal of Nutrition 154(1), 271-283 (2024)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Xu, T., Zhu, R., Shao, X.

On variance estimation of random forests with infinite-order U-statistics. Electronic Journal of Statistics 18(1), 2135-2207 (2024)

Method & Theory Book Chapter

Zhou, W., Li, Y., Zhu, R.

Policy learning for individualized treatment regimes on infinite time horizon. In Statistics in Precision Health: Theory, Methods and Applications (pp. 65-100). Cham: Springer International Publishing. Editor: Yichuan Zhao (2024)

Collaborative Journal

Oltman, C. G., Kim, T. P., Lee, J. W., Lupu, J. D., Zhu, R., Moussa, I. D.

Prevalence, management, and comorbidities of adults with atrial fibrillation in the united states, 2019 to 2023. JACC: Advances 3(11), 101330 (2024)

Collaborative Conference

Sarker, K., Zhu, R., Holscher, H. D., Zhai, C.

Prior-guided longitudinal metabolomic analysis. In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) (pp. 351-356). IEEE (2024)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Qiu, R., Yu, Z., Zhu, R.

Random forest weighted local frechet regression with random objects. Journal of Machine Learning Research 25(107), 1-69 (2024)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Zhou, W., Zhu, R., Qu, A.

Solving infinite horizon dynamic treatment regimes: A proximal temporal consistency learning approach. Journal of the American Statistical Association 119(545), 625-638 (2024)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Ye, H., Zhou, W., Zhu, R., Qu, A.

Stage-aware learning for dynamic treatments. Journal of Machine Learning Research 25(408), 1-51 (2024)

Collaborative Conference

Sarker, K., Zhu, R., Holscher, H. D., Zhai, C.

Augmenting nutritional metabolomics with a genome-scale metabolic model for assessment of diet intake. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics (pp. 1-10) (2023)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Cui, Y., Kosorok, M. R., Sverdrup, E., Wager, S., Zhu, R.

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects with right-censored data via causal survival forests. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B 85(2): 179-211 (2023)

Method & Theory Conference arXiv

Li, Y., Zhou, W., Zhu, R.

Quasi-optimal reinforcement learning with continuous treatments. ICLR 2023 (2023)

Method & Theory Book Chapter

Formentini, S. E., Cui, Y., Zhu, R.

Random forests for survival analysis and high-dimensional data. In Springer Handbook of Engineering Statistics (pp. 831-847). London: Springer London. Editor: Hoang Pham (2023)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Chen, Y., Xu, T., Hakkani-Tur, D., Jin, D., Yang, Y., Zhu, R.

Calibrate and debias layer-wise sampling for graph convolutional networks. TMLR (2022)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Cui, Y., Zhu, R., Zhou, M., Kosorok, M.

Consistency of survival forest and tree models: splitting bias and correction. Statistica Sinica 32(3), 1245-1267 (2022)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Li, Y., Zhu, R., Qu, A., Yeh, M.

Dermoscopic image classification with neural style transfer. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 31(4), 1318-1331 (2022)

Method & Theory Journal GitHub

Loyal, J., Zhu, R., Cui, Y., Xin, Z.

Dimension reduction forests: local variable importance using structured random forests. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 31(4): 1104-1113. GitHub (2022)

Method & Theory Journal

Li, K., Yao, S., Zhang, Z., Cao, B., Wilson, C. M., Kalos, D., Kuan, P. F., Zhu, R., Wang, X.

Efficient gradient boosting for prognostic biomarker discovery. Bioinformatics 38(6), 1631-1638 (2022)

Collaborative Journal

Maino Vieytes, C. A., Zhu, R., Gany, F., Burton-Obanla, A., Arthur, A. E.

Empirical dietary patterns associated with food insecurity in US cancer survivors: NHANES 1999 2018. International journal of environmental research and public health 19(21), 14062 (2022)

Collaborative Journal

Shinn, L. M., Mansharamani, A., Baer, D. J., Novotny, J. A., Charron, C. S., Khan, N. A., Zhu, R., Holscher, H. D.

Fecal metabolites as biomarkers for predicting food intake by healthy adults. The Journal of Nutrition 152 (12), 2956-2965 (2022)

Collaborative Journal

Di, S., Petch, J., Gerstein, H. C., Zhu, R., Sherifali, D.

Optimizing health coaching for patients with type 2 diabetes using machine learning: model development and validation study. JMIR formative research 6(9), e37838 (2022)

Collaborative Journal

Zhou, H., Zhu, R., Ung, A., Schatz, B.

Population analysis of mortality risk: predictive models from passive monitors using motion sensors for 100,000 UK biobank participants. PLOS Digital Health 1(10), e0000045 (2022)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Zhou, W., Zhu, R., Zeng, D.

A parsimonious personalized dose finding model via dimension reduction. Biometrika 108(3), 643-659 (2021)

Collaborative Journal

Taneja, I., Damhorst, G. L., Lopez-Espina, C., Zhao, S. D., Zhu, R., Khan, S., Bashir, R.

Diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of a biomarker and EMR based machine learning algorithm for sepsis. Clinical and Translational Science (2021)

Method & Theory Journal GitHub

Guo, B., Holscher, H. D., Auvil, L. S., Welge, M. E., Bushell, C. B., Novotny, J. A., Baer, D. J., Burd, N. A., Khan, N. A., Zhu, R.

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effect on multivariate responses using random forests. Statistics in Biosciences (2021)

Collaborative Journal

Agnillo, F., Walters, K. A., Xiao, Y., Sheng, Z. M., Scherler, K., Park, J., Gygli, S., Rosas, L. A., Sadtler, K., Kalish, H., Blatti III, C. A., Zhu, R., Kash, J. C., Taubenberger, J. K.

Lung epithelial and endothelial damage, loss of tissue repair, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and cellular senescence in fatal COVID-19. Science Translational Medicine 13(620), p.eabj7790 (2021)

Collaborative Journal

Robison, H. M., Chapman, C. A., Zhou, H., Erskine, C. L., Theel, E., Peikert, T., Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S., Sette, A., Bushell, C., Welge, M., Zhu, R., Bailey, R. C., Escalante, P.

Risk assessment of latent tuberculosis infection through a multiplexed cytokine biosensor assay and machine learning feature selection. Scientific Reports 11(1), 1-10 (2021)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Li, J. Y., Zhu, R., Qu, A., Ye, H., Sun, Z.

Topic modeling on triage notes with semiorthogonal nonnegative matrix factorization. Journal of the American Statistical Association, A&C 116(536): 1609-1624 (2021)

Collaborative Journal

Miao, R., Badger, T. C., Groesch, K., Diaz-Sylvester, P. L., Wilson, T., Ghareeb, A., Martin, J. A., Cregger, M., Welge, M., Bushell, C., Auvil, L., Zhu, R., Braundmeier-Fleming, A.

Assessment of peritoneal microbial features and tumor marker levels as potential diagnostic tools for ovarian cancer. PLoS ONE 15(1), e0227707 (2020)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Zhao, Y. Q., Zhu, R., Chen, G., Zheng, Y.

Constructing dynamic treatment regimes with shared parameters for censored data. Statistics In Medicine 39 (9), 1250-1263 (2020)

Collaborative Journal

Shinn, L., Li, Y., Mansharamani, A., Auvil, L. S., Welge, M. E., Bushell, C., Khan, N. A., Charron, C. S., Novotny, J. A., Baer, D. J., Zhu, R., Holscher, H. D.

Fecal bacteria as biomarkers for predicting food intake in healthy adults. The Journal of Nutrition 151(2), 423-433 (2020)

Method & Theory Journal GitHub

Mi, X., Zhu, R., Zou, F.

Bagging and deep learning in optimal individualized treatment rules. Biometrics 75(2):674-684. R packages: [dnnet and ITRlearn] Example R File (2019)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Sun, Q., Zhu, R., Wang, T., Zeng, D.

Counting process based dimension reduction method for censored outcomes. Biometrika 06(1):181-196 (2019)

Collaborative Journal

Walters, K.-A., Zhu, R., Welge, M., Scherler, K., Park, J.-K., Rahil, Z., Wang, H., Auvil, L., Bushell, C., Lee, M. Y., Baxter, D., Bristol, T., Rosas, L. A., Cervantes-Medina, A., Czajkowski, L., Han, A., Memoli, M. J., Taubenberger, J. K., Kash, J. C.

Differential effects of influenza virus NA, HA head, and HA stalk antibodies on peripheral blood leukocyte gene expression during human infection. mBio 10(3), e00760-19 (2019)

Method & Theory Journal

Feng, Z., Lin, L., Zhu, R., Zhu, L.

Nonparametric variable selection and its application to additive models. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 1-28 (2019)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Zhu, R., Zhang, J., Zhao, R., Xu, P., Zhou, W., Zhang, X.

orthoDr: semiparametric dimension reduction via orthogonality constrained optimization. The R Journal 11(2), 24-37 (2019)

Collaborative Journal

Yi, M., Zhu, R., Stephens, R. M.

GradientScanSurv an exhaustive association test method for gene expression data with censored survival outcome. PloS one 13(12), p.e0207590 (2018)

Collaborative Journal

Hassan, U., Zhu, R., Bashir, R.

Multivariate computational analysis of biosensor data for improved CD64 quantification for sepsis diagnosis. Lab on a Chip 18(8), 1231-1240 (2018)

Collaborative Journal

Taneja, I., Bobby Reddy Jr, B., Damhorst, G., Zhao, D., Hassan, U., Price, Z., Jensen, T., Ghonge, T., Patel, M., Wachspress, S., Winter, J., Rappleye, M., Smith, G., Healey, R., Ajmal, M., Anwaruddin, S., Khan, M., Patel, J., Rawal, H., Sarwar, R., Soni, S., Davis, B., Kumar, J., White, K., Bashir, R., Zhu, R.

Combining biomarkers with EMR data to improve sepsis identification. Scientific Reports 7(1), 10800 (2017)

Method & Theory Journal

Zhu, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, G., Ma, S., Zhao, H.

Greedy outcome weighted tree learning of optimal personalized treatment rules. Biometrics 73(2), 391 400 (2017)

Method & Theory Journal arXiv

Cui, Y., Zhu, R., Kosorok, M.

Tree based weighted learning for estimating individualized treatment rules with censored data. Electronic Journal of Statistics 11(2), 3927-3953 (2017)

Method & Theory Journal

Zhu, R., Zhao, Q., Zhao, H., Ma, S.

Integrating multidimensional omics data for cancer outcome. Biostatistics 17(4), 605-18 (2016)

Collaborative Journal

La, E. H., Lich, K. H., Wells, R., Ellis, A. R., Swartz, M. S., Zhu, R., Morrissey, J. P.

Increasing access to state psychiatric hospital beds: exploring supply-side solutions. Psychiatric Services 67(5), 523-528 (2015)

Method & Theory Journal CRAN GitHub Ver. 4+

Zhu, R., Zeng, D., Kosorok, M. R.

Reinforcement learning trees. Journal of the American Statistical Association 110(512), 1770-1784 (2015)

Method & Theory Journal

Zhu, R., Zhao, H., Ma, S.

Identifying gene-environment and gene-gene interactions using a progressive penalization approach. Genetic Epidemiology 38(4), 353-368 (2014)

Collaborative Journal

La, E. H., Zhu, R., Lich, K. H., Ellis, A. R., Swartz, M. S., Kosorok, M. R., Morrissey, J. P.

The effects of state psychiatric hospital waitlist policies on length of stay and time to readmission. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42(3), 332-42 (2014)

Method & Theory Journal

Zhu, R., Kosorok, M. R.

Recursively imputed survival trees. Journal of the American Statistical Association 107(497), 331-340 (2012)

Method & Theory Journal

Zhu, L., Zhu, R., Song, S.

Diagnostic checking for multivariate regression models. Journal of Multivariate Analysis 99(9), 1841-1859 (2008)